Brain Star Award Feature: Andrew Mocle, University of Toronto

Andrew Mocle

Better understanding how ensembles of neurons are recruited in memory formation.

The hippocampus is a critical brain region for encoding and recall of episodic memories. The physical trace left in the brain by memory formation is called an ‘engram’, and the process by which new engrams are formed is still unclear. In this work, Andrew Mocle, working in the laboratory of Sheena Josselyn, used advanced imaging techniques to track neurons and their patterns of activity before, during, and after memory encoding. The resulting data prompted a new engram formation model, whereby small ensembles of neurons (instead of individual cells) are allocated to an engram depending on their average excitability at the time of learning. The demonstration that highly-excitable ensembles are preferentially allocated to encode newly learned information represents a major conceptual advance in the study of how memories are stored in the brain.

Read more: https://can-acn.org/brain-star-award-winner-andrew-mocle/

Featured scientific publication: Mocle, Andrew J., Adam I. Ramsaran, Alexander D. Jacob, Asim J. Rashid, Alessandro Luchetti, Lina M. Tran, Blake A. Richards, Paul W. Frankland, and Sheena A. Josselyn. “Excitability Mediates Allocation of Pre-Configured Ensembles to a Hippocampal Engram Supporting Contextual Conditioned Threat in Mice.” Neuron 112, no. 9 (May 1, 2024): 1487-1497.e6.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2024.02.007

Brain Star Award Feature: Niklas Brake, McGill University

Niklas Brake

Better understanding the non-rhythmic components of Electroencephalography (EEG) can lead to better interpretation of brain activity

Article citation

Brake, N., Duc, F., Rokos, A., Arseneau, F., Shahiri, S., Khadra, A., and Plourde, G. (2024) A neurophysiological basis for aperiodic EEG and the background spectral trend. Nature Communications 15(1514). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-45922-8

Electroencephalography (EEG) has been in use for almost a century to study brain activity, during which time its rhythmic oscillations in signal, seen as waves of activity, have shaped a unique lens through which many researchers view the nervous system. Recently, interest has shifted toward seemingly non-rhythmic (i.e., aperiodic) EEG signals, which have been linked to various neurological conditions and states of consciousness. However, these findings have been primarily descriptive, leaving interpretations of these aperiodic signals elusive.
In this study, Niklas Brake, in the research group of Professor Anmar Khadra at McGill University and collaborating with anesthesiologist Dr. Gilles Plourde at the Montreal Neurological Institute, used biophysical modeling to show that large aperiodic fluctuations in the brain’s electric field arise from cortical circuits synchronizing with aperiodic dynamics. These fluctuations, in turn, can significantly bias traditional EEG interpretations. Additionally, the model predicted that both periodic and aperiodic EEG signals are shaped by the molecular timescales of the brain’s inhibitory pathways. To test this, they collected EEG data from individuals undergoing general anesthesia with propofol, a drug that alters the molecules underlying neural inhibition. The observed signal changes matched their model predictions. Using insights from the modeling, they developed an analysis method for identifying and removing aperiodic EEG signals, both to extract aperiodic features and to improve brain rhythm characterization. Applying this method to EEG data revealed that loss of consciousness from propofol was uniquely associated with an increase in delta rhythms, an observation that had previously been masked by propofol’s molecular effects.
Overall, this study extends EEG theory beyond neural oscillations, illustrating how EEG signals are shaped by neural mechanisms other than brain rhythms and revealing how these signals can undermine traditional analysis methods.

Read more: https://can-acn.org/brain-star-award-winner-niklas-brake/

Brain Star Award Feature: Caroline Nettekoven, Western University

Caroline Nettekoven

Development of a functional atlas of the human cerebellum

The human cerebellum is a brain region that is activated during many behaviours, including movement, language and cognitive tasks. However, the cerebellum’s contribution to these processes remained poorly understood because of a lack of a comprehensive functional map of this brain region. To address this, Caroline Nettekoven, working in the laboratory of Jorn Diedrichsen at Western University, fused 7 large-scale brain activity imaging (fMRI) datasets into the first comprehensive functional atlas of the cerebellum. The authors developed a computational model that learns brain organization across many datasets and derived a consensus atlas based on 111 subjects and 417 task conditions. This new atlas predicts functional boundaries better than previous atlases and any atlas based on a single dataset only – even on new, unseen data. It therefore provides the most detailed characterization of the functional organization of the human cerebellum so far.

The new atlas provides several novel important features. For example, the atlas and the computational model are designed for precision functional mapping in individuals. Existing atlases simply present a group map, ignoring the large inter-individual variability of functional organisation. The model can integrate the new atlas with a short 10-minute localizer scan to adapt to an individual’s brain, resulting in a much better prediction of individual boundaries. This unprecedented precision will enable detailed investigations into the cerebellum’s contribution to human behaviour.

Read the full story here

Brain Star Award feature: Lizheng Wang, University of Calgary

Lizheng Wang

Uncovering the role of cilia in astrocyte development and function

Astrocytes are a type of cells that act as crucial regulators of nearly all aspects of the brain. Different types of astrocytes exist; however, little is known about how different subtypes of astrocytes are created during development to differentially support their local neural circuits. Lizheng Wang, working in the laboratory of Jiami Guo at the University of Calgary, has discovered that a structure called the primary cilia acts as a small signaling antennae to transmit local cues and drive the region-specific diversification of astrocytes within the developing brain, and plays important roles in brain development.

Discovered over 100 years ago, primary cilia are only beginning to be appreciated for their significance in the brain. Researchers have recently demonstrated that primary cilia of neurons are indispensable in regulating major neuronal development and functions, while the presence and function of cilia in astrocytes remained unexplored. This study shows that perturbation of astrocytic cilia leads to disruption of neuronal development and connections in the brain. Mice with primary ciliary deficient astrocytes show behavioral deficits in sensorimotor function, sociability, learning and memory.

Read the full story here

Brain Star Award feature: Hayley Renee Christine Shanks, Western University

Hayley Shanks

Phase 2a clinical trial reveals a small molecule called LM11A-31 is safe and slows progression of many features of Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder for which there is no cure. Therapeutics available to the approximately 734,000 Canadians living with AD provide symptom management without slowing disease progression. Hayley Renee Christine Shanks, working in the laboratory of Dr. Taylor Schmitz at Western University, adopted a novel approach to AD therapeutics by targeting “deep biology” — that is, receptors that control multiple fundamental cellular pathways and may therefore normalize multiple pathological processes underlying AD. This “deep biology” target, called the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), plays a critical role in determining  whether cells degenerate or survive. This receptor was discovered approximately 30 years ago and is widely studied in the fields of developmental neuroscience and neurology.

In AD, p75NTR is a key receptor that mediates neuronal dysfunction, neurodegeneration, and glial reactivity. Research in AD mouse models indicates that modulation of p75NTR with a small molecule called LM11A-31 promotes neuronal resilience and reduces neuroinflammation. Building on this work, Shanks et al. (2024), Nature Medicine, was the first publication to examine selective modulation of p75NTR in individuals with AD.

Read the full story here: https://can-acn.org/brain-star-award-winner-hayley-renee-christine-shanks/

Read the original research article here:

Shanks, HRC, Chen, K, Reiman, EM, Blennow, K, Cummings, JL, Massa, SM, Longo, FM, Börjesson-Hanson, A, Windisch, M, Schmitz, TW. p75 neurotrophin receptor modulation in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2a trial. Nat Med 30, 1761–1770 (2024).  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-02977-w

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-024-02977-w

Brain Star Award feature: Andrea Luppi, McGill University

Andrea Luppi

Understanding how the brain’s network architecture shapes its capacity to transition between different states

To support the diversity of human cognitive functions, such as learning, thinking, reasoning, remembering, problem solving, decision making, and attention, brain regions flexibly form and dissolve connections on the fly. How is the brain’s capacity to transition between different functional configurations shaped by brain network architecture? Andrea Luppi, working in Bratislav Misic’s lab at McGill University and the Montreal Neurological Institute, investigated this question using engineering principles of network control to simulate transitions between behaviourally derived brain states. They identified >100 cognitively relevant brain states in a data-driven manner, corresponding to activation patterns aggregated over 14,000 fMRI studies from a large collaborative database called NeuroSynth, and effectively mapped how brain network organization and chemoarchitecture interact to manifest these brain states. By leveraging large-scale databases of network structure, functional activation and neurotransmitter systems, the present work provides an integrative framework for the systematic exploration of the full range of possible transitions between experimentally defined brain states. This systematic approach allowed the researchers to discover the key role of the brain’s wiring diagram in supporting flexible transitions with high energetic efficiency, and how this efficiency can be disrupted by disease and restored by targeted pharmacology.

Read the full story here: https://can-acn.org/brain-star-award-winner-andrea-luppi/

View the original research article here:

Andrea I. Luppi, S. Parker Singleton, Justine Y. Hansen, Keith W. Jamison, Danilo Bzdok, Amy Kuceyeski, Richard F. Betzel & Bratislav Misic. Contributions of network structure, chemoarchitecture and diagnostic categories to transitions between cognitive topographies. Nature Biomedical Engineering 8, 1142–1161 (2024).

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-024-01242-2

Mark Cembrowski wins the 2025 CAN New Investigator Award for multidisciplinary research that has transformed our understanding of how memory is represented in the brain

Mark Cembrowski

The Canadian Association for Neuroscience is proud to announce Dr. Mark Cembrowski will be awarded the 2025 Canadian Association of Neuroscience (CAN) New Investigator Award. Dr. Cembrowski has established himself as an outstanding scientist, collaborator, and mentor, conducting leading-edge research on the cellular and molecular underpinnings of cognition and brain disorders, particularly in memory.

Read his profile

The Brain Prize call for nominations: now open

Brain Prize Call for nominations

The Brain Prize is currently the world’s largest prize for neuroscience and is awarded each year by the Lundbeck Foundation. The Brain Prize is awarded to one or more individuals who have distinguished themselves by making outstanding contributions in any area of neuroscience- from basic to clinical, and since it was first awarded in 2011 The Brain Prize has recognised 47 scientists from 10 different countries. You can find out more about The Brain Prize here.

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Congratulations to the winners of the 2023 CAN- CIHR-INMHA Brain Star Awards!

The Canadian Association for Neuroscience (CAN) and the Canadian Institutes of Health’s Institute of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Addiction (CIHR-INMHA) are proud to announce the winners of the 2023 Brain Star Awards.

The CIHR-INMHA Brain Star awards, administered by the Canadian Association for Neuroscience, are awarded to students and trainees who have published high impact discoveries in all fields and disciplines covered by CIHR’s Institute of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Addiction in the 2023 calendar year.

The top 3 Brain Star Award winners of the year have been invited to make a presentation at the CAN meeting in May.

Caroline Ménard wins the 2024 CAN New Investigator Award for groundbreaking research on stress vulnerability and resilience.

Caroline Ménard

The Canadian Association for Neuroscience is very proud to announce that Dr. Caroline Ménard from Université Laval is the winner of the 2024 CAN New Investigator Award. Her innovative research program is shedding light on the biological mechanisms underlying vulnerability and resilience to stress, with the help of state-of-the-art photonic technology and with the aim of developing pioneer strategies to treat or prevent depression.

Read her profile here